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SYNTHETIC TRANSLATIONS PREVENTING INDETERMINACY OF MEANING 
AND INSCRUTABILITY OF REFERENCE IN LANGUAGE TRANSLATIONS

Ikechukwu Monday OSEBOR, Ph.D.
Department of   Philosophy

University of Delta, Agbor, Nigeria
Email; Ikechukwu.osebor@unidel.edu.ng

&
Rev. Fr. Dr. J.F Mordi

Email: John.modrdi@unidel.edu.ng
Department of   Philosophy

University of Delta, Agbor, Nigeria

Abstract 

Translation philosophy has played a key role in understanding thoughts and is a tool for effective 
communication in unfamiliar languages. Language translations serve as intermediaries between 
the source and the target language text. Without translation services, effective international 
relations would not be possible. The philosophy of translation helps build bridges across cultures, 
enabling individuals to experience and learn about cultural diversities that would otherwise be 
too alien and inaccessible to grasp through a single cultural lens. Language translation (LT) is the 
manual or electronic conversion of a source language text to exactly match the target language 
text using signs and symbols. It is challenged by insufficient professional teachers or translators; 
it is cumbersome, wastes a lot of time, and does many other things. The gaps in traditional 
language translation have led to the embracement of web translation with the implication of its 
originality. Using the method of hermeneutics, the paper maintains that traditional and web-
language translations are affected by the indeterminacy of meaning and the inscrutability of 
reference. The study concludes with suggestions for the implementation of language proficiency 
in translation by policymakers, both in oral and written communication through synthetic 
language translation. Synthetic translation involves integrating two or more pre-existing 
elements or translations to create the targeted text from a source text that would be 
epistemologically infallible.

Keywords: Web, Translation, Synthetic, Language, Targeted, Traditional, and Source Text

Introduction

Nigeria has diplomatic relations with many countries around the world. Friendly relations 
involve foreign exchange in education, agriculture, and various other areas. Currently, Nigeria is 
Thailand's fourth-largest trading partner in Africa and a significant exporter of crude oil, rice, 
natural gas, and gemstones to Thailand (วันที่ปรับปรุงข้อมูล, 2022). The diplomatic relations and 
agreements between these countries provide opportunities for addressing technical barriers to 
trade, promoting education, and fostering development (Meyer, N. et al., 2010). The question is: 
can there be an agreement or relationship without effective communication? The bilateral 
relationship between Nigeria and many non-English-speaking nations is challenged by cultural 
factors and differences in languages (Fidrmuc and Fidrmuc, 2016). The role of language 
translation in international politics is largely invisible; the science of translating and interpreting 
languages is interwoven with social, political, cultural, and economic communication, both in the 

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mailto:Ikechukwu.osebor@unidel.edu.ng
mailto:Ikechukwu.osebor@unidel.edu.ng
mailto:John.modrdi@unidel.edu.ng
mailto:John.modrdi@unidel.edu.ng


context of business negotiations among the parties involved. Language translation acts as a 
mediating agent by re-contextualizing statements and documents across languages and cultures. 
(Zanettin, 2016).  The diplomatic relationship between nations requires smooth interaction 
across linguistic boundaries in inter-lingual relations. The relationship between nations would 
require the practices of giving meaning to language, "at least a minimum of shared meaning to 
mutual relations in order for inter-lingual relations to function smoothly" (Wigen, 2015). 
Currently, professional foreign language translators in Nigeria show slow progress in the effort 
made, and the same is true for the English language in Thailand, Spain, or any other non-English 
country (Amrita et al., 2016). This challenge discourages effective communication in foreign 
languages in Nigeria. For this reason, language translation is an important determinant of 
effective communication. In trade, inter-human communication is crucial; even academic 
courses require proficient language translation. The term translation refers to an outcome (the 
translated text) or the process of production (the translation process). It involves translating a text, 
including the grammatical structure, lexicon, cultural context, and text analysis (Duklim, 2022). 
Translation is not just about replacing words, signs, or symbols but also about reaching the target 
market or audience. It involves transmitting the meaning or idea that the translator aims to 
communicate. Considering the role of language translation in international business and 
communication, synthetic translation would be needed to produce proficiency in the source and 
target language text (Hart-Rawung& Li, 2008). This includes applying the knowledge and talent 
obtained in written, traditional, electronic, or thesaurus dictionaries, as well as the translated field 
source, to achieve a meaningful translation (Duklim, 2022). Professional language translators 
assign characters or sets of linguistic meanings to signs or symbols that affirm the content of a 
source text in the target text. It is the act of reconstructing a text domain with different semiotic 
resources to present an exact match of the source text to the targeted text (Tom, 2018). This 
approach is challenged by low self-confidence, carelessness, anxiety, and the "indeterminacy of 
translation, naturalistic language concepts, behaviorism, theory of meaning, and semantic 
holism" (Jianghua, 2019; Duklim, 2022). The translation of language is problematic in the 
conventional sense: the inability to arrive at a closed interpretation of the targeted text with the 
source language text because of linguistic variations in the targeted audience has continued as a 
problem in translation studies (Vaughan-Williams, 2005). This study argues for an alternative 
approach that embraces the radical indeterminacy of meaning in order to incorporate translation 
proficiency into analyses of the world of diplomatic relations (Vaughan-Williams, 2005). 
Additionally, philosophers do use technical terminologies and jargon in business. Sometimes, 
they invent their own terms, assign new meanings to old terms, or use ordinary words in a new 
way (Gerald, 2004). These technicalities have far-reaching implications for the philosophical 
study of translations.

Material And Method

The origin of hermeneutics can be traced back to the works of Gadamer, which contributed to 
developing the work of Heidegger (Dowling, 2004). Modern hermeneutics began with the 
systematic hermeneutics of Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher in the early nineteenth 
century (Forster, 2007). Hermeneutics is the science of the interpretation of texts, concepts, and 
words used in research (Forster, 2007). Hermeneutics is the study of interpretation and plays a 
role in a number of disciplines whose subject matter demands interpretative approaches, typically 
because the disciplinary subject matter involves the meaning of human intentions, beliefs, and 
actions, or the meaning of human experience as preserved in the arts, literature, historical 

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testimony, and other artifacts (George, 2020). This study adopts the philosophical method of 
hermeneutics. Hermeneutics helps achieve an in-depth understanding of texts, concepts, and the 
challenges of language translation, with the aim of proposing solutions to the identified 
problems. In such contexts, hermeneutics is sometimes described as an "auxiliary" study of the 
arts, methods, and foundations of research appropriate to a respective disciplinary subject 
matter" (George, 2020). Additionally, the science of interpretation can help understand the truth 
of translation approaches and how a source text is translated into a target text for exactness and 
precision. The fundamental goal of hermeneutical studies is to unravel misinterpretations of the 
source text in the targeted language and explore research from a scientific and philosophical 
standpoint that could led to post traumatic disorder (Pringle et al., 2011;Monday, 2020). 
Although the science of interpretation may not solve all the problems confronting translation 
philosophy, we maintain that the act of interpretation would help to present well-ordered 
language translations for effective communication among diverse citizens

Language Translations

Web translations use computer algorithms to translate text quickly and efficiently(Groth, 1997). 
While web translations are convenient, they may not always capture the nuances and cultural 
context of the original text. It is important to consider the purpose of the translation and the 
intended audience when choosing between traditional and web translations (Groth, 1997). There 
are two types of language translations: traditional (expert or individual) and web translations. 
The traditional method of language translation has remained unchanged for centuries." On the 
other hand, web translations use computer algorithms to translate text quickly and efficiently. 
While web translation is an experimental method of replacing the signs and symbols of a source 
text with those of another language or languages and this has led to misinterpretations of the text 
due to the emotions or background of the translator. Western tradition began soon after its 
beginnings when a number of the basic words of the early Greek thinkers were sometimes 
mistranslated into Latin, and as a result, the thought of the pre-Socratics and the classic Greek 
philosophers, especially Aristotle, has remained re convenient, they may not always capture the 
nuances and cultural context of the original text. It is important to consider the purpose of the 
translation and the intended audience when choosing between traditional and web translations. 
These gaps have led to the rapid adoption of web language translations. Web translation language 
is a "modern method of translation through computer assistance, which is a sub-field of 
computational linguistics" (Grace and Paul, 2009). It is the act of using computer-based 
programs to translate text from the source language to the target language without the help of a 
human translator (John, 1995). Web language translation uses tools to avoid the risk of 
employing mediocre, multilingual translators, displacement, and low-quality translations. It has 
been argued in some quarters that web language translation flips the meanings of words when the 
translation engines are unable to "understand" what the sentences mean. This type of error 
(incorrect terminology, omissions, and mistranslations) sometimes occurs no matter how fluent 
the translation machines are. This approach may not present perfect translations but provides the 
context, the basic grammatical structures, or both in the target language. A review of web and 
traditional language translations would show ambiguities, algorithmic bias, a lack of controlled 
language, and a lack of an exact match between the old and new translations. The boundaries 
between machine-aided translation (MAT) and human-aided translation (HAT) are often 
uncertain (John, 1995). This study argues that both methods are not sufficient to deal with the 
problem of indeterminacy of meaning and references (Xiang, 2010). This study recommends the 

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adoption of a synthetic language translation to fill the gaps observed between traditional and web 
translations. 

Traditional Language Translation

Traditional language translation is manual. Manual translation involves the linguistic 
replacement of signs across languages—Interlingua translation. It consists of symbolic 
replacement across symbolic systems, such as in the case of translation from a full language into a 
narrow system of icons intersemiotic translation by a professional language translator (Jakobson 
[1959]; 1992; Gelavizh et al., 2012). However, manual language translations have been criticized 
for misrepresentations and cultural adaptation of thoughts due to vocabularies that recompose 
the source text (Groth 1997). Traditional language translation is manual. Manual translation 
involves the linguistic replacement of signs across languages—Interlingua translation. It 
consists of symbolic replacement across symbolic systems, such as in the case of translation from 
a full language into a narrow system of icons—intersemiotic translation by a professional 
language translator (Jakobson [1959]; 1992; Gelavizh et al., 2012). However, manual language 
translations have been criticized for misrepresentations and cultural adaptation of thoughts due 
to vocabularies that recompose the source text (Groth, 1997).A Thai-English translator also faces 
the barrier of cultures and communication because translation is one of the essential ways of 
transferring culture. The implication of traditional translation is the capacity to evoke the same 
response as the source in the targeted text without inserting irrelevant words into the target text 
(Gelavizh et al., 2012). Translators often run into a mental block now and then, where nothing 
sounds right and they just want to flip tables. Although the traditional method of translation aids 
learning, this approach is not efficient in addressing the contemporary relevance of education. 
Students might interact with one another, but they may not have the opportunity to access the 
online library, collaborate, or report information via electronic media. It is sad to know that 
translators may use this kind of method for power control, manipulation of translations, and 
gaining power over the targeted text.

 Digital Language Translation

With the growth of information and technology, Translation Studies have evolved from 
traditional paperwork genres to multisemiotic or multimedia texts. Multimedia Translation or 
Web translation is an electronic translation of languages. It involves the rewording of the syntax 
and semantics of a source language text into the target language text via the electronic medium. It 
is characterized by concatenation, which saves time (Mansoor, n.d.). Web translation focuses on 
the use of technology, articulating content through online applications, and concordance 
translation across different cultures (Sujit Kumar et al., 2018). A translator can use professional 
translation software, such as Redokun, which offers built-in web translation services. Translation 
memories and AI-generated translations are provided as suggestions while the user is translating 
a document using the software's editor (Duklim, 2022). Web translation can be efficient in any 
context and at any time, regardless of the subject matter (Amorighoye, 2020; N.D. Oye et al., 
2011). It assists in analyzing grammar, syntax, semantics, and word functions. The paradigm 
shift from traditional to modern language translations is good, but traditional language 
translation has been criticized as obsolete. However, it remains one of the best approaches to 
language translation because it involves a professional native speaker. Web translation is a 
supplement rather than a replacement for traditional translation. There is an assumption that 
machine translation is here to replace human work. It is not. To save time, language schools must 

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make appropriate changes to aspects of their technological infrastructures, instructional 
methods, and resources for language translation (Carmen, n.d.). Although the totality of all 
possible empirical evidence cannot always determine whether a given translation, to the 
exclusion of other contrary translations, is right or wrong, even though the translations in 
question are incompatible and perhaps even contradictory (Ranganathan, 2007), sceptics of web 
translation are forced to reconsider their views on text, genre, and meaning when faced with the 
web page. It is a multisemiotic object made up of written language (and occasionally spoken 
language), graphical elements (icons, images), graphic elements (layout, typographic features), 
and acoustic components (sounds, music). Thus, meaning is produced by the combination of 
verbal and nonverbal cues. The web page genre can be characterized as a group of 
communicative events that interact verbally and non-verbally, serving a variety of 
communicative functions (such as informing the audience or influencing their behavior), and that 
can be further subdivided into subgenres, such as the web advert and the blog, which can both be 
misunderstood (Pierini, 2007). Translation theorists argue about the role of translation 
philosophy in general and normative questions. What is the rationale for translation? To what 
extent is translation culturally sensitive? "How to translate, in particular, is a red herring removed 
from the actual practice of professional translators who define norms in translation through their 
work" (Ranganathan, 2007). One of the major challenges of language translation is the 
misinterpretation of the source text webcast, the lack of electricity to power translation machines, 
and low computer literacy among language operators in Nigeria. In Nigeria, more than 50 percent 
of rural schools have no access to electricity Oye et al. (2011) argue that irregular and frequent 
interruptions in power supply in Nigeria are a perennial problem affecting smart education and 
have been a major setback for sustainable development. Corruption, economic recession, and 
poor school administrators affect the implementation of web learning mostly in public schools 
(Mansoor, n.d.). The frequent policy changes also affect the learning of foreign languages and the 
translation of languages. Web translation studies "display many myopic claims about meaning 
and language that philosophers of language are well trained to recognize and improve upon" 
(Ranganathan, 2007).

Synthetic Language Translation

Different 'translational' approaches have been adopted in translation studies. The interpretive 
theorists, such as Hayward Alker, Richard Ashley, Friedrich Kratochwil, John Ruggie, and 
Robert Cox (Neufeld, 1993), dominate meta-theoretical discussions. These approaches are 
qualitative and not distinct from the traditional and web-inspired methods of language 
translation. The synthetic method embraces both the traditional and web methods of language 
translation (Osebor & Iwegbu, 2024). Synthetic philosophy is one of the central themes in Kant's 
philosophy (Osebor et al., 2022). Synthetic or localization of language translation is a technical 
translation that performs two roles: The synthetic translation is an act of adapting traditional and 
web translation to reinterpreting a particular locale or group of people who share a language, a 
writing system, and other properties. This could be a region, a country, or just a language 
community (Sandrini, 2005). Synthetic translation helps to avoid misunderstandings in the target 
text from the source text (Sandrini, 2005). A critical review of web and traditional language 
translation shows that although both produce proficient or high-quality translations, they have 
failed due to the ambiguity of meanings between the source and the target text (Irabor,  & 
Monday, 2021). Synthetic translation "involves transmitting a meaning or idea from the source 
text to the target text, including rephrasing texts, messages, or meanings from one language to 

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communicate meanings from the source language in the target language as precisely as possible 
to prevent misinterpretation or erroneous translation" (Duklim, 2022). The practice of synthetic 
translation usually requires both outputs to be revised (post-edited) by a second translator to 
eliminate the ambiguity of meaning and reference before dissemination (John, 1995). 
Collaborative translation follows the segmentation rules of the Exchange (SRX), crowd-
sourcing translations of ideas, whether they are universal or specific. It bridges the gaps between 
traditional and web translations. Synthetic language translations can be viewed through the lens 
of radical hermeneutics and text analysis. Source text analysis provides the necessary framework 
for the targeted Jianghua (2019).This would help establish an exact match between the source 
and the target text. The synthetic translation uses an alignment tool to achieve optimal 
equivalence between the traditional and web-language translations and to balance the tension 
between accuracy and ease of reading to avoid ambiguity. Localization of translation involves 
internationalizing translations for suitable and efficient diplomatic relations or business 
(Sandrini, 2005). Therefore, the linguist must compile a translation manual through observing 
both translations to ensure precision, clarity, quality control, and quality improvement (Dave, 
2011; Xiang, 2010). The goal of synthetic language translation is to be culturally sensitive and 
create an equivalence known as word-for-word translation (Zanettin, 2016). The attempt is to 
translate the source text as literally as possible, keeping the sentence structure and idioms intact 
through the implementation of synthetic translation (Dave, 2011). Although traditional and web 
translations are two sides of the same coin, with both contributing to the originality of the target 
text from the source text. These perceptions recognize the power of cognitive judgment, 
specifically intuitive sensibility, which generates sensations and conceptual understanding of 
thought (Osebor et al., 2022)

Conclusion

Synthetic language translation involves recognizing human expertise, transcending the 
limitations of traditional and web translations, and embracing the necessity of crossing these 
boundaries. This study aims to recommend a pragmatic synthetic translation approach that can 
effectively convey the same referential and interconnected meanings between the source and 
targettexts. While translation indeterminacy may impact the originality of the target text 
compared to the source text, synthetic translation offers revisions and additions to enhance clarity 
and readability, thereby reproducing the pragmatic effects of the source texts in the target text. It 
involves borrowing parts of traditional and web-based translations and synthesizing them for 
originality. This would result in a pragmatic effect in language translation techniques and the 
proficiency of thoughts. Synthetic language translation is literal for readers or audiences and is 
easier to evaluate and document. It affirms the literal recasting of a text from one language to 
another and "unites" both traditional and web translations, discouraging the insertion of new 
words into the target text and damaging the sources. Overall, this approach encourages bilingual 
and bicultural, if not multicultural, translations. 

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